Factory Wholesale Blast Stemming Plug for Mining, Quarrying and Civil Blasting

Typically, the loss of explosive energy through stemming ejection reduces the performance of the blast. The fundamental theory
promoting the use of stemming enhancement plugs is that they could potentially improve the effectiveness of stemming material in
the blast hole. This would, in turn, better contain the explosives energy within the rock mass, and yield a more controlled and
efficient blast event.

The three keys to efficient blasting are:
1. Energy level ? the amount of available energy in the explosive product
2. Energy distribution ? the optimised linear distribution of the explosives
3. Energy confinement ? the optimised burden to energy ratio

The optimum stemming column height is determined so it provides proper energy confinement while still allowing for maximum
explosive energy distribution.

The measure of the potential effectiveness that the available explosives energy has to break and displace the rock mass is
directly proportional to the effective burden that energy must overcome. This relationship is a crucial element in basic blast
design. An accurate controlled sequence of hole detonation is a fundamental design parameter, having a major direct effect on
overall blast performance. Any variation in hole detonation timing, results in that hole being fired prior to or after its nominal
firing time. The hole-to-hole detonation could still remain properly sequenced or holes could potentially detonate totally out of
sequence. This will result in burden to energy relationships that can have adverse impacts on the performance of a blast.

The results of these impacts have been witnessed in the past as: 1 Poor rock fragmentation 2 Large amounts of oversize 3 High
ground vibration levels 5 Flyrock incidents 6 High downstream processing costs